Today’s guest post is from writer Joe Bunting, who blogs at The Write Practice.
We all know there are novels and then there are “literary” novels.
When you read Margaret Atwood, it just feels different than when you
read Tom Clancy. And for some reason, these literary novels are the ones
that win all the most prestigious awards like the Pulitzer Prize, the
Man Booker Prize, and the Nobel Prize for Literature.
Literary authors are known for their unique voices and experimental
styles. You might have learned not to write run-on sentences in school
or to avoid beginning a sentence with “and,” but literary writers often
seem to flaunt their rule-breaking ways.
This is both good and bad. Literary novels can be difficult to understand, but they can also be beautiful to read, like poetry.
So if you’re salivating to win a Nobel Prize, and just don’t think
your diplomacy skills are good enough to win the Peace Prize, here are
eight techniques you can use to make your writing more “literary.”
1. Write long sentences.
Long sentences can make for beautiful, complex prose that you want to read again and again to fully appreciate.
Hemingway, Faulkner (both Nobel winners), James Joyce, and all those
1920s modernist authors were known for their long, run-on sentences,
full of conjunctions and lacking “correct” punctuation. Contemporary
writers, like Cormac McCarthy and Tim O’Brien, do the same. Here’s a
quote from O’Brien’s
The Things They Carried which illustrates it clearly:
Now and then, however, there were times of panic, when
they squealed or wanted to squeal but couldn’t, when they twitched and
made moaning sounds and covered their heads and said Dear Jesus and
flopped around on the earth and fired their weapons blindly and cringed
and sobbed and begged for the noise to stop and went wild and made
stupid promises to themselves and to God and to their mothers and
fathers, hoping not to die.
Isn’t that beautiful?
2. Write short sentences.
Writing long sentences can get old. If you follow up an extremely
long sentence with a short snappy one, you can whip your reader to
attention. Notice how Cormac McCarthy does it in
Suttree:
One thing. I spoke with bitterness about my life and I
said that I would take my own part against the slander of oblivion and
against the monstrous facelessness of it and that I would stand a stone
in the very void where all would read my name. Of that vanity I recant
all.
Try reading it aloud. Notice how that last sentence feels like a gavel, cracking in a loud courtroom?
3. Be lyrical.
Literary writers are interested not just in what their words mean,
but in how they sound. The technical term for this is phonoaesthetics,
the study of the sound of words and sentences. Like poets, literary
writers want their words to melt on their reader’s tongue like rich,
dark chocolate. They want their readers to stop and say, “Mmm,” and
stare off into the distance contemplating all that is beautiful.
There are a few techniques writers use to make their writing more
euphonic, including alliteration, assonance, and consonance, but the
best way to develop your “ear” for lyrical writing is to read other
lyrical writers very slow. You might pick up some Annie Dillard, William
Faulkner, or Virginia Woolf.
4. Make an allusion to the Bible or Moby Dick or Milton.
Literary writers are well read. They realize their writing doesn’t
exist in a vacuum, and so they subtly pay homage to the classic writers
who have gone before them, which also deepens the meaning of their own
work.
To make an allusion, you use an image, character, or even a direct
quote from another work of literature. These act as portals, coloring
your story with the meanings wrapped up in the work you’re referencing.
Also, it makes those who “get it” feel special.
5. Use an eponym to name your characters.
Another way to use allusion is to name one of your characters after a
character in another work. This technique works as a kind of literary
pun, and creates an implicit association, a shared relationship, with
the character in the other work.
6. Be specific.
Literary writers often study the vocabulary of the subject they’re
writing about. They want their writing to be precise. For example, if
they’re writing about nature, rather than just talking about the trees,
they might describe the tulip poplar, the white oak, the eastern red
cedar.
If they’re writing about birds, they might avoid describing them as
the red bird or the blue bird, but rather the kingfisher, the painted
bunting, or the yellow-bellied sapsucker.
7. Write a story within a story (or a story within a story within a story).
The story-within-a-story is one of the oldest literary techniques, and it’s a simple way to create rich, multi-layered stories.
It works simply by having one of your characters tell another
character a story, and this second story becomes the main story of the
novel. Think
Arabian Nights, where Scheherazade tells the Sultan story after story and eventually manages to make him fall in love with her.
Or Shakespeare’s
Taming of the Shrew, where the story of
Petruchio “wedding and bedding” Katherina is set within another play
about a drunk tricked into thinking he’s rich.
Or Salman Rushdie’s
Midnight’s Children, where the protagonist writes his memoirs as he narrates them to his mistress.
8. Have a wide scope.
Literary novels tend to have a wide, national or international scope,
even if they portray local events. Hemingway, for example, often set
his novels within the context of great wars, like World War I or the
Spanish Civil War. Fitzgerald’s
Great Gatsby is considered a
portrait of the “Lost Generation” and the Roaring 20s because of its
memorable characters who were caught up in the decade’s debauchery.
Rushdie’s
Midnight’s Children is about the rise and “fall” of India, from Independence to Indira Gandhi’s injustices.
You may not want to win a Pulitzer, but if you do want to give your
writing a touch of literary flair, these techniques are a good place to
start. By far, the best way to learn more about these techniques,
though, is to read more literary fiction. Here are a few good titles by
authors I’ve mentioned:
- For Whom the Bell Tolls by Ernest Hemingway
- The Blind Assassin by Margaret Atwood
- Blood Meridian by Cormac McCarthy
- Midnight’s Children by Salman Rushdie
- A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce
- Absalom! Absalom! by William Faulkner
